G Standard Thermodynamic Values for Select Substances

Element Substance ΔH°f (kJ mol–1) ΔG°f (kJ mol–1) S° (J mol–1 K–1)

Aluminum

Al(s)

0

0

28.3


Al(g)

324.4

285.7

164.54


Al3+(aq)

-531

-485

-321.7


Al2O3(s)

-1676

-1582

50.92


AlF3(s)

-1510.4

-1425

66.5


AlCl3(s)

-704.2

-628.8

110.67


AlCl3·6H2O(s)

-2691.57

-2269.4

376.56


Al2S3(s)

-724

-492.4

116.9


Al2(SO4)3(s)

-3445.06

-3506.61

239.32

Antimony

Sb(s)

0

0

45.69


Sb(g)

262.34

222.17

180.16


Sb4O6(s)

-1440.55

-1268.17

220.92


SbCl3(g)

-313.8

-301.2

337.8


SbCl5(g)

-394.34

-334.29

401.94


Sb2S3(s)

-174.89

-173.64

182


SbCl3(s)

-382.17

-323.72

184.1


SbOCl(s)

-374

Arsenic

As(s)

0

0

35.1


As(g)

302.5

261

174.21


As4(g)

143.9

92.4

314


As4O6(s)

-1313.94

-1152.52

214.22


As2O5(s)

-924.87

-782.41

105.44


AsCl3(g)

-261.5

-248.95

327.06


As2S3(s)

-169.03

-168.62

163.59


AsH3(g)

66.44

68.93

222.78


H3AsO4(s)

-906.3

Barium

Ba(s)

0

0

62.5


Ba(g)

180

146

170.24


Ba2+(aq)

-537.6

-560.8

9.6


BaO(s)

-548

-520.3

72.1


BaCl2(s)

-855

-806.7

123.7


BaSO4(s)

-1473.2

-1362.3

132.2

Beryllium

Be(s)

0

0

9.5


Be(g)

324.3

286.6

136.27


BeO(s)

-609.4

-580.1

13.8

Bismuth

Bi(s)

0

0

56.74


Bi(g)

207.1

168.2

187


Bi2O3(s)

-573.88

-493.7

151.5


BiCl3(s)

-379.07

-315.06

176.98


Bi2S3(s)

-143.1

-140.6

200.4

Boron

B(s)

0

0

5.86


B(g)

565

521

153.4


B2O3(s)

-1273.5

1194.3

53.97


B2H6(g)

36.4

87.6

232.1


H3BO3(s)

-1094.33

-968.92

88.83


BF3(g)

-1136

-1119.4

254.4


BCl3(g)

-403.8

-388.7

290.1


B3N3H6(l)

-540.99

-392.79

199.58


HBO2(s)

-794.25

-723.41

37.66

Bromine

Br2(l)

0

0

152.23


Br2(g)

30.91

3.142

245.5


Br(g)

111.88

82.429

175


Br(aq)

120.9

-102.82

80.71


BrF3(g)

-255.6

-229.45

292.42


HBr(g)

-36.3

-53.43

198.7

Cadmium

Cd(s)

0

0

51.76


Cd(g)

112.01

77.41

167.75


Cd2+(aq)

-75.9

-77.61

-73.2


CdO(s)

-258.2

-228.4

54.8


CdCl2(s)

-391.5

-343.9

115.3


CdSO4(s)

-933.3

-822.7

123


CdS(s)

-161.9

-156.5

64.9

Calcium

Ca(s)

0

0

41.6


Ca(g)

178.2

144.3

154.88


Ca2+(aq)

-542.96

-553.04

-55.2


CaO(s)

-634.9

-603.3

38.1


Ca(OH)2(s)

-985.2

-897.5

83.4


CaSO4(s)

-1434.5

-1322

106.5


CaSO4·2H2O(s)

-2022.63

-1797.45

194.14


CaCO3(s) (calcite)

-1220

-1081.41

10


CaSO3·H2O(s)

-1752.68

-1555.19

184.1

Carbon

C(s) (graphite)

0

0

5.74


C(s) (diamond)

1.89

2.9

2.38


C(g)

716.681

671.2

158.1


CO(g)

-110.52

-137.15

197.7


CO2(g)

-393.51

-394.36

213.8


CO32–(aq)

-677.1

-527.8

-56.9


CH4(g)

-74.6

-50.5

186.3


CH3OH(l)

-239.2

-166.6

126.8


CH3OH(g)

-201

-162.3

239.9


CCl4(l)

-128.2

-62.5

214.4


CCl4(g)

-95.7

-58.2

309.7


CHCl3(l)

-134.1

-73.7

201.7


CHCl3(g)

-103.14

-70.34

295.71


CS2(l)

89.7

65.27

151.34


CS2(g)

116.9

66.8

238


C2H2(g)

227.4

209.2

200.9


C2H4(g)

52.4

68.4

219.3


C2H6(g)

-84

-32

229.2


CH3CO2H(l)

-484.3

-389.9

159.8


CH3CO2H(g)

-434.84

-376.69

282.5


C2H5OH(l)

-277.6

-174.8

160.7


C2H5OH(g)

-234.8

-167.9

281.6


HCO3(aq)

-691.11

-587.06

95


C3H8(g)

-103.8

-23.4

270.3


C6H6(g)

82.927

129.66

269.2


C6H6(l)

49.1

124.5

173.4


CH2Cl2(l)

-124.2

-63.2

177.8


CH2Cl2(g)

-95.4

-65.9

270.2


CH3Cl(g)

-81.9

-60.2

234.6


C2H5Cl(l)

-136.52

-59.31

190.79


C2H5Cl(g)

-112.17

-60.39

276


C2N2(g)

308.98

297.36

241.9


HCN(l)

108.9

125

112.8


HCN(g)

135.5

124.7

201.8

Cesium

Cs+(aq)

-248

-282

133

Chlorine

Cl2(g)

0

0

223.1


Cl(g)

121.3

105.7

165.2


Cl(aq)

-167.2

-131.2

56.5


ClF(g)

-54.48

-55.94

217.78


ClF3(g)

-158.99

-118.83

281.5


Cl2O(g)

80.3

97.9

266.2


Cl2O7(l)

238.1


Cl2O7(g)

272


HCl(g)

-92.307

-95.299

186.9


HClO4(l)

-40.58

Chromium

Cr(s)

0

0

23.77


Cr(g)

396.6

351.8

174.5


CrO42–(aq)

-881.2

-727.8

50.21


Cr2O72–(aq)

-1490.3

-1301.1

261.9


Cr2O3(s)

-1139.7

-1058.1

81.2


CrO3(s)

-589.5


(NH4)2Cr2O7(s)

-1806.7

Cobalt

Co(s)

0

0

30


Co2+(aq)

-67.4

-51.5

-155


Co3+(aq)

92

134

-305


CoO(s)

-237.9

-214.2

52.97


Co3O4(s)

-910.02

794.98

114.22


Co(NO3)2(s)

-420.5

Copper

Cu(s)

0

0

33.15


Cu(g)

338.32

298.58

166.38


Cu+(aq)

51.9

50.2

-26


Cu2+(aq)

64.77

65.49

-99.6


CuO(s)

-157.3

-129.7

42.63


Cu2O(s)

-168.6

-146

93.14


CuS(s)

-53.1

-53.6

66.5


Cu2S(s)

-79.5

-86.2

120.9


CuSO4(s)

-771.36

-662.2

109.2


Cu(NO3)2(s)

-302.9

Fluorine

F2(g)

0

0

202.8


F(g)

79.4

62.3

158.8


F(aq)

-332.6

-278.8

-13.8


F2O(g)

24.7

41.9

247.43


HF(g)

-273.3

-275.4

173.8


HF(aq)

-332.6

-278.8

-13.8

Hydrogen

H2(g)

0

0

130.7


H(g)

217.97

203.26

114.7


H+(aq)

0

0

0


OH(aq)

-230

-157.2

-10.75


H3O+(aq)

-285.8

69.91


H2O(l)

-285.83

-237.1

70


H2O(g)

-241.82

-228.59

188.8


H2O2(l)

-187.78

-120.35

109.6


H2O2(g)

-136.3

-105.6

232.7


HF(g)

-273.3

-275.4

173.8


HCl(g)

-92.307

-95.299

186.9


HBr(g)

-36.3

-53.43

198.7


HI(g)

26.48

1.7

206.59


H2S(g)

-20.6

-33.4

205.8


H2Se(g)

29.7

15.9

219

Iodine

I2(s)

0

0

116.14


I2(g)

62.438

19.3

260.7


I(g)

106.84

70.2

180.8


I(aq)

-55.19

-51.57

11.13


IF(g)

95.65

-118.49

236.06


ICl(g)

17.78

-5.44

247.44


IBr(g)

40.84

3.72

258.66


IF7(g)

-943.91

-818.39

346.44


HI(g)

26.48

1.7

206.59

Iron

Fe(s)

0

0

27.3


Fe(g)

416.3

370.7

180.5


Fe2+(aq)

-89.1

-78.9

-137.7


Fe3+(aq)

-48.5

-4.7

-315.9


Fe2O3(s)

-824.2

-742.2

87.4


Fe3O4(s)

-1118.4

-1015.4

146.4


Fe(CO)5(l)

-774.04

-705.42

338.07


Fe(CO)5(g)

-733.87

-697.26

445.18


FeCl2(s)

-341.79

-302.3

117.95


FeCl3(s)

-399.49

-334

142.3


FeO(s)

-272

-255.2

60.75


Fe(OH)2(s)

-569

-486.5

88


Fe(OH)3(s)

-823

-696.5

106.7


FeS(s)

-100

-100.4

60.29


Fe3C(s)

25.1

20.08

104.6

Lead

Pb(s)

0

0

64.81


Pb(g)

195.2

162

175.4


Pb2+(aq)

-1.7

-24.43

10.5


PbO(s) (yellow)

-217.32

187.89

68.7


PbO(s) (red)

-218.99

-188.93

66.5


Pb(OH)2(s)

-515.9


PbS(s)

-100.4

-98.7

91.2


Pb(NO3)2(s)

-451.9


PbO2(s)

-277.4

-217.3

68.6


PbCl2(s)

-359.4

-314.1

136

Lithium

Li(s)

0

0

29.1


Li(g)

159.3

126.6

138.8


Li+(aq)

-278.5

-293.3

13.4


LiH(s)

-90.5

-68.3

20


Li(OH)(s)

-487.5

-441.5

42.8


LiF(s)

-616

-587.5

35.7


Li2CO3(s)

-1216.04

-1132.19

90.17

Magnesium

Mg2+(aq)

-466.9

-454.8

-138.1

Manganese

Mn(s)

0

0

32


Mn(g)

280.7

238.5

173.7


Mn2+(aq)

220.8

-228.1

-73.6


MnO(s)

-385.2

-362.9

59.71


MnO2(s)

-520.03

-465.1

53.05


Mn2O3(s)

-958.97

-881.15

110.46


Mn3O4(s)

-1378.83

-1283.23

155.64


MnO4(aq)

-541.4

-447.2

191.2


MnO42–(aq)

-653

-500.7

59

Mercury

Hg(l)

0

0

75.9


Hg(g)

61.4

31.8

175


Hg2+(aq)

164.8


Hg2+(aq)

172.4

153.9

84.5


HgO(s) (red)

-90.83

-58.5

70.29


HgO(s) (yellow)

-90.46

-58.43

71.13


HgCl2(s)

-224.3

-178.6

146


Hg2Cl2(s)

-265.4

-210.7

191.6


HgS(s) (red)

-58.16

-50.6

82.4


HgS(s) (black)

-53.56

-47.7

88.28


HgSO4(s)

-707.51

-594.13

0

Nickel

Ni2+(aq)

-64

-46.4

-159

Nitrogen

N2(g)

0

0

191.6


N(g)

472.704

455.5

153.3


NO(g)

90.25

87.6

210.8


NO2(g)

33.2

51.3

240.1


N2O(g)

81.6

103.7

220


N2O3(g)

83.72

139.41

312.17


NO3(aq)

-205

-108.7

146.4


N2O4(g)

11.1

99.8

304.4


N2O5(g)

11.3

115.1

355.7


NH3(g)

-45.9

-16.5

192.8


NH4+(aq)

-132.5

-79.31

113.4


N2H4(l)

50.63

149.43

121.21


N2H4(g)

95.4

159.4

238.5


NH4NO3(s)

-365.56

-183.87

151.08


NH4Cl(s)

-314.43

-202.87

94.6


NH4Br(s)

-270.8

-175.2

113


NH4I(s)

-201.4

-112.5

117


NH4NO2(s)

-256.5


HNO3(l)

-174.1

-80.7

155.6


HNO3(g)

-133.9

-73.5

266.9

Oxygen

O2(g)

0

0

205.2


O(g)

249.17

231.7

161.1


O3(g)

142.7

163.2

238.9

Phosphorus

P4(s)

0

0

164.4


P4(g)

58.91

24.4

280


P(g)

314.64

278.25

163.19


PH3(g)

5.4

13.5

210.2


PCl3(g)

-287

-267.8

311.78


PCl5(g)

-374.9

-305

364.4


P4O6(s)

1640.1


P4O10(s)

-2984

-2697

228.86


PO43–(aq)

-1277

-1019

-222


HPO3(s)

-948.5


HPO42–(aq)

-1292.1

-1089.3

-33


H2PO42–(aq)

-1296.3

-1130.4

90.4


H3PO2(s)

604.6


H3PO3(s)

964.4


H3PO4(s)

-1279

-1119.1

110.5


H3PO4(l)

-1266.9

-1124.3

110.5


H4P2O7(s)

-2241


POCl3(l)

-597.1

-520.8

222.5


POCl3(g)

-558.5

-512.9

325.5

Potassium

K(s)

0

0

64.7


K(g)

89

60.5

160.3


K+(aq)

-252.4

-283.3

102.5


KF(s)

-576.27

-537.75

66.57


KCl(s)

-436.5

-408.5

82.6

Rubidium

Rb+(aq)

-246

-282.2

124

Silicion

Si(s)

0

0

18.8


Si(g)

450

405.5

168


SiO2(s)

-910.7

-856.3

41.5


SiH4(g)

34.3

56.9

204.6


H2SiO3(s)

-1188.67

-1092.44

133.89


H4SiO4(s)

-1481.14

-1333.02

192.46


SiF4(g)

-1615

-1572.8

282.8


SiCl4(l)

-687

-619.8

239.7


SiCl4(g)

-662.75

-622.58

330.62


SiC(s, beta cubic)

-73.22

-70.71

16.61


SiC(s, alpha hexagonal)

-71.55

-69.04

16.48

Silver

Ag(s)

0

0

42.55


Ag(g)

284.9

246

172.89


Ag+(aq)

105.6

77.11

72.68


Ag2O(s)

-31.05

-11.2

121.3


AgCl(s)

-127

-109.8

96.3


Ag2S(s)

-32.6

-40.7

144

Sodium

Na(s)

0

0

51.3


Na(g)

107.5

77

153.7


Na+(aq)

-240.1

-261.9

59


Na2O(s)

-414.2

-375.5

75.1


NaCl(s)

-411.2

-384.1

72.1

Strontium

Sr2+(aq)

-545.8

-557.3

-32.6

Sulfur

S8(s) (rhombic)

0

0

256.8


S(g)

278.81

238.25

167.82


S2–(aq)

41.8

83.7

22


SO2(g)

-296.83

-300.1

248.2


SO3(g)

-395.72

-371.06

256.76


SO42–(aq)

-909.3

-744.5

20.1


S2O32–(aq)

-648.5

-522.5

67


H2S(g)

-20.6

-33.4

205.8


HS(aq)

-17.7

12.6

61.1


H2SO4(l)

-813.989

690

156.9


HSO42–(aq)

-885.75

-752.87

126.9


H2S2O7(s)

-1273.6


SF4(g)

-728.43

-684.84

291.12


SF6(g)

-1220.5

-1116.5

291.5


SCl2(l)

-50


SCl2(g)

-19.7


S2Cl2(l)

-59.4


S2Cl2(g)

-19.5

-29.25

319.45


SOCl2(g)

-212.55

-198.32

309.66


SOCl2(l)

-245.6


SO2Cl2(l)

394.1


SO2Cl2(g)

-354.8

-310.45

311.83

Tin

Sn(s)

0

0

51.2


Sn(g)

301.2

266.2

168.5


SnO(s)

-285.8

-256.9

56.5


SnO2(s)

-577.6

-515.8

49


SnCl4(l)

-511.3

-440.1

258.6


SnCl4(g)

-471.5

-432.2

365.8

Titanium

Ti(s)

0

0

30.7


Ti(g)

473

428.4

180.3


TiO2(s)

-944

-888.8

50.6


TiCl4(l)

-804.2

-737.2

252.4


TiCl4(g)

-763.2

-726.3

353.2

Tungsten

W(s)

0

0

32.6


W(g)

849.4

807.1

174


WO3(s)

-842.9

-764

75.9

Zinc

Zn(s)

0

0

41.6


Zn(g)

130.73

95.14

160.98


Zn2+(aq)

-153.9

-147.1

-112.1


ZnO(s)

-350.5

-320.5

43.7


ZnCl2(s)

-415.1

-369.43

111.5


ZnS(s)

-206

-201.3

57.7


ZnSO4(s)

-982.8

-871.5

110.5


ZnCO3(s)

-812.78

-731.57

82.42

Complexes

[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, cis

-898.7


[Co(NH3)4(NO2)2]NO3, trans

-896.2


NH4[Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]

-837.6


[Co(NH3)6][Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]3

-2733


[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, cis

-874.9


[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl, trans

-877.4


[Co(en)2(NO2)2]NO3, cis

-689.5


[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, cis

-681.2


[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, trans

-677.4


[Co(en)3] (ClO4)3

-762.7


[Co(en)3]Br2

-595.8


[Co(en)3]I2

-475.3


[Co(en)3]I3

-519.2


[Co(NH3)6] (ClO4)3

-1034.7

-221.1

615


[Co(NH3)5NO2] (NO3)2

-1088.7

-412.9

331


[Co(NH3)6] (NO3)3

-1282

-524.5

448


[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2

-1017.1

-582.5

366.1


[Pt(NH3)4]Cl2

-725.5


[Ni(NH3)6]Cl2

-994.1


[Ni(NH3)6]Br2

-923.8


[Ni(NH3)6]I2

-808.3